Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India, History, Architecture, Destruction & Modern Revival
Nalanda University: A Proudful Legacy of India: Nalanda University was an ancient center of higher learning in India, located in the present-day state of Bihar. It flourished between the 5th and 12th centuries CE and is renowned as one of the world’s earliest residential universities.
Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta (Shakraditya) of the Gupta dynasty founded Nalanda University in 427 CE in modern Bihar in the early 5th century, and it flourished for 600 years until the 12th century. During the era of Harshavardhana and the Palas monarchs, it rose to popularity (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Introduction of Nalanda University
Nalanda University, one of the most iconic symbols of ancient Indian education and global intellectual exchange, stands as a testament to the rich scholarly heritage of India. Situated in present-day Bihar, Nalanda was an eminent center of learning from the 5th to the 12th centuries CE, renowned for its extensive curriculum, eminent scholars, and international students (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Ancient Nalanda University
Foundation and Flourishing:
Nalanda was established in the 5th century CE during the reign of the Gupta dynasty, under the patronage of Emperor Kumaragupta I.
It rapidly grew into a premier center for Buddhist studies but also embraced a wide array of subjects including logic, grammar, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
The history of Nalanda University is a rich tapestry woven with intellectual achievements, cultural exchanges, and the rise and fall of civilizations.
The university started as a Buddhist monastic center and gradually evolved into a prominent seat of learning.
Supported by successive Gupta emperors, Nalanda attracted scholars and students from all over India and abroad (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Academic Prowess:
Nalanda was primarily known for its Buddhist teachings, particularly Mahayana Buddhism.
The curriculum also included a wide range of subjects such as logic, grammar, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and the Vedas (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
The university attracted scholars and students from diverse regions including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
Renowned scholars such as Xuanzang and Yijing from China studied and taught at Nalanda, documenting their experiences and the university’s scholarly environment.
The university was home to some of the greatest scholars of the time, including Dharmapala, Chandrakirti, Shantarakshita, and Atisha.
Famous Students of Nalanda University:
Nalanda University are: Harshavardhana, Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu etc. Among them Harshavardhana was the emperor of Kannauj Empire. Later he rebuild the Nalanda university after being attacked by Goudas Rajvansh of Bengal (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
The interactions at Nalanda facilitated the exchange of knowledge and culture across Asia.
Legacy of Nalanda University:
Nalanda University, through its comprehensive education system, distinguished scholars, and significant achievements, exemplifies the rich intellectual and cultural heritage of ancient India. Its legacy continues to inspire and influence contemporary educational practices and philosophical thought (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Historical Significance:
Nalanda University is recognized as one of the earliest and most significant centers of higher learning in the ancient world.
Its contributions to education, philosophy, and science have left a lasting impact on global intellectual history (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
UNESCO World Heritage Site:
The ruins of Nalanda were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2016, highlighting its historical and cultural importance.
The site continues to attract scholars, historians, and tourists, preserving the memory of its illustrious past (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Modern Revival:
Efforts to revive Nalanda as a modern institution of higher learning have been initiated in the 21st century, with the establishment of the new Nalanda University near the ancient site.
The modern university aims to recreate the spirit of the ancient institution, emphasizing global cooperation, academic excellence, and interdisciplinary research (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Architecture Campus and Facilities:
Nalanda’s vast campus featured multiple monasteries (viharas), temples (chaityas), classrooms, meditation halls, and a monumental library called Dharmaganja, housing hundreds of thousands of manuscripts (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
The architecture of Nalanda, with its intricate designs and efficient layout, influenced Buddhist monastic architecture in other parts of Asia.
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The architecture, campus, and facilities of Nalanda University reflect its historical significance and the advanced state of ancient Indian educational institutions. Here’s a detailed look at the ancient and modern aspects of Nalanda University:
Ancient Nalanda University
Campus Layout and Architecture
Monastic Complex:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The ancient campus of Nalanda was a sprawling monastic complex spread over a significant area, with numerous monasteries (viharas) and temples (chaityas).
These structures were built with red bricks and featured intricate carvings and sculptures.
Stupas and Temples:
The site included several stupas, which were built to honor Buddhist saints and teachers. The main stupa, known as the Sariputra Stupa, was a prominent feature (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Temples at Nalanda were not only places of worship but also centers of learning and meditation.
Libraries:
Nalanda housed a renowned library complex called Dharmaganja, comprising three large buildings: Ratnasagara, Ratnadadhi, and Ratnaranjaka.
These buildings contained vast collections of manuscripts on various subjects, stored in meticulously organized rooms and shelves (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Classrooms and Lecture Halls:
The university had numerous classrooms and lecture halls where scholars delivered lectures and engaged in debates.
These spaces were designed to facilitate interactive learning and intellectual discussions.
Residential Facilities:
Nalanda was a residential university with dormitories for students and living quarters for faculty members.
The residential facilities were well-planned, providing a conducive environment for study and contemplation (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Architectural Features
Design and Construction:
The architecture of Nalanda was a blend of structural engineering and artistic craftsmanship, characterized by its symmetry and use of durable materials.
Buildings were constructed with baked bricks and adorned with intricate stone carvings depicting Buddhist iconography and motifs (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Water Management:
The university had an efficient water management system, including wells, reservoirs, and drainage systems, ensuring a steady supply of water.
This infrastructure was crucial for maintaining hygiene and supporting the large resident population (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Gardens and Open Spaces:
Nalanda’s campus included lush gardens and open courtyards, providing serene spaces for relaxation and meditation.
These areas were integral to the monastic life, offering tranquility and promoting a connection with nature (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Modern Nalanda University
Campus and Facilities
Location and Design:
The modern Nalanda University is situated near the ancient site in Rajgir, Bihar, designed to reflect the legacy of its predecessor while incorporating contemporary architectural principles.
The campus layout emphasizes sustainability, blending modern infrastructure with the natural landscape (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Academic Buildings:
The university features state-of-the-art academic buildings with classrooms, lecture halls, and seminar rooms equipped with modern teaching aids and technology (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
These buildings are designed to facilitate collaborative learning and research.
Library and Research Facilities:
The modern library is a nod to the ancient Dharmaganja, offering a vast collection of books, journals, and digital resources.
Research facilities include specialized laboratories, research centers, and archives to support advanced studies in various disciplines (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Residential Facilities:
Like its ancient counterpart, modern Nalanda University provides residential facilities for students and faculty, fostering a close-knit academic community.
The dormitories and faculty housing are designed to offer comfort and promote a scholarly atmosphere.
Sustainability Initiatives:
The new campus emphasizes sustainable practices, including green buildings, renewable energy sources, and water conservation systems.
These initiatives reflect the university’s commitment to environmental stewardship and sustainable development.
Cultural and Recreational Spaces:
The campus includes spaces for cultural activities, including auditoriums, art galleries, and performance areas.
Recreational facilities such as sports complexes, gyms, and meditation centers contribute to the holistic development of students and staff (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Education, Scholars, and Achievements of Ancient Nalanda University
Education System and Curriculum
Comprehensive Curriculum:
Nalanda University offered a diverse curriculum that included both religious and secular subjects.
Subjects taught included Buddhist scriptures, logic, grammar, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and metaphysics.
The educational approach was holistic, aiming to provide students with a broad and deep understanding of various fields of knowledge (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Pedagogical Methods:
The university emphasized rigorous debate and discussion as part of the learning process.
Teaching methods included lectures, commentaries, and interactive discussions between teachers and students.
Admissions and Structure:
Admission to Nalanda was highly competitive, requiring students to undergo rigorous examinations.
The university had a structured academic calendar with periods of instruction, debate, and examination (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Renowned Scholars
Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang):
A Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, and translator who traveled to India in the 7th century CE.
Xuanzang spent several years at Nalanda, studying under renowned scholars and collecting Buddhist texts to take back to China.
His detailed accounts of Nalanda provide invaluable insights into the university’s academic life and curriculum.
Yijing:
Another Chinese monk and scholar who visited Nalanda in the late 7th century CE.
Yijing’s writings describe the daily life and practices at Nalanda, highlighting its rigorous academic environment.
He translated numerous Buddhist texts and emphasized the scholarly activities at Nalanda.
Dharmapala:
A prominent Buddhist scholar who served as a teacher and rector at Nalanda.
Dharmapala was known for his works on Buddhist philosophy and logic, contributing significantly to the academic prestige of Nalanda.
Shantarakshita:
A renowned Buddhist philosopher and logician who taught at Nalanda.
He played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism to Tibet and was instrumental in establishing the monastic tradition there.
Atisha:
A Buddhist master from Bengal who studied and later taught at Nalanda.
Atisha was influential in the revival of Buddhism in Tibet, where he introduced new practices and philosophies learned at Nalanda.
Dignaga:
An Indian Buddhist scholar and logician who was associated with Nalanda.
Dignaga’s works on logic and epistemology had a profound impact on Buddhist scholarship and were studied extensively at Nalanda.
Achievements and Contributions
Intellectual Hub:
Nalanda served as an intellectual hub, attracting scholars and students from across Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
The university facilitated the exchange of knowledge and cultural practices, influencing educational systems and monastic traditions across Asia (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Preservation and Dissemination of Knowledge:
Nalanda played a critical role in preserving Buddhist texts and philosophical treatises, many of which were translated and transmitted to other regions.
The university’s extensive library, Dharmaganja, housed vast collections of manuscripts on various subjects, contributing to the preservation and dissemination of ancient knowledge (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Development of Buddhist Philosophy:
Nalanda was instrumental in the development of Mahayana Buddhism and contributed significantly to the philosophical and doctrinal advancements in Buddhism.
Scholars at Nalanda engaged in rigorous debates and discussions, leading to the evolution of new ideas and interpretations within Buddhist thought (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Scientific and Medical Contributions:
The university was known for its contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
Scholars at Nalanda made advancements in these fields, contributing to the broader scientific and medical knowledge of the time (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Architectural and Artistic Influence:
The architectural design and artistic achievements of Nalanda influenced Buddhist monastic architecture in other parts of Asia.
The university’s buildings, stupas, and sculptures set a standard for future monastic establishments (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Destruction of Nalanda University:
The destruction of Nalanda University marks a tragic chapter in the history of one of the world’s greatest ancient centers of learning. Here is a brief overview of its destruction:
Destruction of Nalanda University:
Who destroyed Nalanda University?
In 1193 CE, Nalanda University was attacked and destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkic Muslim general of the Delhi Sultanate.
Political Context and Decline:
By the 12th century, Nalanda University was already facing challenges due to the decline of Buddhism in India and the political instability in the region.
The university had continued to function as a center of learning despite these challenges, maintaining its reputation and attracting scholars (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Invasion by Bakhtiyar Khilji:
Khilji led a series of military campaigns in northern India, targeting key centers of Hindu and Buddhist learning and power.
Destruction of the Library:
The vast library complex, Dharmaganja, which housed hundreds of thousands of manuscripts on various subjects, was set on fire.
It is said that the library burned for several months, resulting in an immense loss of knowledge and scholarly work (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Massacre of Monks and Scholars:
The invading forces massacred the monks and scholars residing at Nalanda.
The exact number of casualties is unknown, but the attack effectively ended the university’s functioning as a center of learning.
Impact on Buddhist Learning:
The destruction of Nalanda dealt a severe blow to Buddhist education and scholarship in India.
The loss of texts and the death of scholars disrupted the transmission of Buddhist teachings and practices.
Historical Accounts:
Accounts of the destruction of Nalanda come from various historical sources, including the writings of Persian historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, who documented Khilji’s campaigns.
These accounts describe the systematic targeting of Nalanda as part of a broader campaign against Buddhist and Hindu institutions.
Destruction of Nalanda University as per Historians:
Bakhtiyar Khilji destroyed Nalanda University:
In 1193 the Nalanda University was destroyed by the Islamic Fanatic Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turk.
Turkish military commander #Bakhtiyar Khilji fell seriously ill. All the doctors failed but could not diagnose the disease. Khilji became weak day by day and took to bed. He felt that now his last days have come.
One day an old man who came to meet him advised that he should consult Sheelbhadra, a learned man from Nalanda College located in the Magadh Empire of faraway India, he will cure him. Khilji did not agree. He said that I cannot take medicine from the hands of a Kafir, even if I have to die!!
But he bowed down to the insistence of his wife and children and Sheelbhadra ji came to Turkey. Khilji told them to watch him from a distance and not touch him because he is a Kafir and he will not take medicine. Sheelbhadra ji saw his face, examined his body, saw the vessel filled with mucus, studied the rise and fall of his breath and went out (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Then he returned and asked whether he read the Quran?
Khilji said he reads it day and night!
How do he turn the pages?
He turns the pages by touching his tongue with his fingers!!
Sheelbhadra ji presented a Quran to Khilji and said that he should read it from today and Sheelbhadra ji returned to India.
On the other hand, Khilji’s health started improving from the second day itself and he was completely fine within a week. Actually Sheelbhadra ji had applied medicine on the pages of the Quran which was delivered from the fingers to the tongue while reading through a unique method.
Khilji was surprised but more than that he was dying of jealousy and envy that how could a Kafir become more capable than the believers?
The very next year in 1192, Mohammad Ghori prepared an army and reached Nalanda College in Magadh region. The biggest centre of knowledge and science in the whole world. Where 10000 students and 1000 teachers lived in a big campus. Where there was a huge library in a three-storey building, which had one crore books, manuscripts and texts.
When Khilji reached there, the teachers and students came out to welcome him, because they thought that he had come to express his gratitude.
Khilji looked at them and smiled and cut the neck of Bhikshu Shrestha with a sword (because he had come fully prepared). Then thousands of students and teachers were cut like carrots and radishes (because they were all unaware of the sudden attack). Khilji then set fire to the library, the centre of knowledge and science. It is said that the books kept burning for three whole months (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Khilji was shouting and saying that how dare you infidels collect so many books and manuscripts? Only one poor person will remain on earth, I will destroy everyone else.
When he returned after destroying the entire Nalanda, he also returned burning Vikram Shila University on the way. Outside the Magadh region, he stopped in Bengal and established the Khilji Empire there.
When he was planning to attack Tibet through the Ladakh region, one night one of his commanders murdered him in his sleep. Even today, there is a grave in West Dinajpur in Bengal where he was buried.
And the most surprising thing is that there is a place named Bakhtiyarpur in Bihar named after the same notorious murderer, which also has a railway junction from where a train goes to Nalanda.
This was the modesty of an Indian Buddhist monk Sheelbhadra, who went to Turkey and even after being rebuffed, saved the life of an enemy with his medical knowledge and intelligence.
Legacy and Memory
Despite its destruction, the legacy of Nalanda University endures as a symbol of ancient India’s intellectual and cultural achievements.
The ruins of Nalanda, now a UNESCO World Heritage site, continue to attract scholars, historians, and tourists, preserving the memory of its illustrious past.
Modern Revival of Nalanda University
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The modern revival of Nalanda University is a significant effort to resurrect the spirit and legacy of one of the ancient world’s most prestigious educational institutions.
Concept and Vision
Initiative and Support:
The idea to revive Nalanda University was proposed in the early 21st century, aiming to re-establish it as a symbol of global knowledge and cultural exchange.
This initiative received support from the Government of India and several East Asian countries, reflecting the historical ties and cultural significance of the ancient university.
Founding Vision:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The vision for the new Nalanda University is to create an institution that fosters academic excellence, research, and global cooperation, reminiscent of the ancient Nalanda’s role as a hub of intellectual exchange.
The university aims to attract scholars and students from around the world, promoting interdisciplinary research and dialogue across cultures.
Establishment and Campus
Legislative Foundation:
In 2010, the Nalanda University Act was passed by the Indian Parliament, officially establishing the modern university.
The university is located near the ancient site of Nalanda in Rajgir, Bihar.
Campus Design:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The campus design blends modern architectural principles with elements inspired by the ancient Nalanda, emphasizing sustainability and harmony with the natural landscape.
The layout includes academic buildings, libraries, research centers, residential facilities, and spaces for cultural and recreational activities.
Academic Programs and Research
Postgraduate and Doctoral Programs:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: Nalanda University offers postgraduate and doctoral programs in various disciplines, including Historical Studies, Ecology and Environment Studies, Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Comparative Religions, Economics and Management, and Languages and Literature.
The curriculum is designed to encourage interdisciplinary learning and research.
Research Initiatives:
The university focuses on research that addresses contemporary global challenges, drawing inspiration from the ancient Nalanda’s tradition of intellectual inquiry.
It aims to become a leading center for research in Asian studies, environmental sustainability, and global history.
Global Collaboration and Partnerships
International Collaborations:
Nalanda University has formed partnerships with numerous international institutions and organizations, fostering a global academic network.
These collaborations facilitate student and faculty exchanges, joint research projects, and conferences, promoting a diverse and vibrant academic community.
Cultural and Academic Exchange:
The university aims to serve as a bridge for cultural and academic exchange between India and other countries, particularly in Asia.
This role echoes the ancient Nalanda’s influence in facilitating cross-cultural interactions and the spread of knowledge.
Sustainability and Innovation
Green Campus Initiatives:
The modern campus is designed with sustainability in mind, incorporating green buildings, renewable energy sources, water conservation systems, and waste management practices.
These initiatives reflect the university’s commitment to environmental stewardship and sustainable development (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
Technological Integration:
Nalanda University integrates modern technology into its academic and administrative processes, enhancing the learning experience and operational efficiency.
Digital resources, online learning platforms, and advanced research tools support the university’s educational and research missions.
Achievements and Impact
Academic Excellence:
Since its establishment, Nalanda University has made significant strides in building a reputation for academic excellence and research.
The university attracts scholars and students from various countries, contributing to its diverse and dynamic academic environment.
Cultural and Intellectual Influence:
Nalanda University continues to uphold the legacy of its ancient predecessor by promoting the values of knowledge, tolerance, and cultural exchange.
Its impact extends beyond academia, contributing to the broader goal of fostering understanding and cooperation among different cultures and societies.
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The modern revival of Nalanda University represents a significant effort to rekindle the spirit of one of the ancient world’s most illustrious centers of learning. By combining the rich heritage of the past with contemporary academic and research practices, Nalanda University aims to become a beacon of global education and intellectual exchange, continuing the legacy of its ancient predecessor.
Conclusion of Nalanda University:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The revival of Nalanda University is a remarkable endeavor that bridges the rich historical legacy of one of the ancient world’s foremost centers of learning with contemporary academic aspirations. Here are key points summarizing its significance:
Historical Legacy:
Ancient Nalanda University was a beacon of knowledge, attracting scholars from across the globe and offering a comprehensive curriculum that spanned various disciplines.
It played a crucial role in the preservation and dissemination of Buddhist teachings and contributed significantly to the intellectual and cultural exchanges of its time.
Destruction and Impact:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The destruction of Nalanda University by Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1193 CE marked a profound loss to global heritage, resulting in the obliteration of vast amounts of knowledge and scholarly work.
Despite its physical destruction, the legacy of Nalanda continued to inspire scholars and educators worldwide.
Modern Revival:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The modern Nalanda University, established by an Act of the Indian Parliament in 2010, aims to revive the ancient institution’s spirit of academic excellence and global cooperation.
Located near the original site in Rajgir, Bihar, the new university blends modern infrastructure with sustainable design principles.
Academic and Research Excellence:
Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India: The university offers postgraduate and doctoral programs in a range of disciplines, encouraging interdisciplinary research and global academic collaboration.
It has formed partnerships with international institutions, fostering a vibrant academic community and promoting cultural exchange.
Sustainability and Innovation:
Nalanda University’s commitment to sustainability is reflected in its green campus initiatives and integration of modern technology in education and research.
These efforts underscore the university’s dedication to environmental stewardship and innovative practices.
Global Influence:
By attracting scholars and students from various countries, Nalanda University continues to serve as a hub of intellectual and cultural exchange.
Its role in fostering global understanding and cooperation echoes the influence of its ancient predecessor.
Continuing the Legacy:
The revival of Nalanda University stands as a testament to the enduring value of knowledge, tolerance, and cultural exchange. By drawing inspiration from its illustrious past, the modern Nalanda University is poised to contribute significantly to global education and scholarship, continuing the legacy of one of history’s greatest centers of learning. The university’s journey from ancient glory through destruction to modern resurgence encapsulates the timeless quest for knowledge and the resilience of intellectual traditions (Nalanda University 427 CE: A Proudful Legacy of India).
What is special about Nalanda University?
The original Nalanda University, established around 1600 years ago, is considered to be among the first residential universities in the world.
Who is the founder of Nalanda University?
Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta (Shakraditya) of the Gupta dynasty founded Nalanda University in 427 CE in modern Bihar in the early 5th century, and it flourished for 600 years until the 12th century. During the era of Harshavardhana and the Palas monarchs, it rose to popularity.
Who is the father of Nalanda?
Numismatic evidence discovered at Nalanda corroborate that Kumaragupta I was the founder patron of the Nalanda monastery-university
Who was the famous student of Nalanda University?
Nalanda University famous students are: Harshavardhana, Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu.
What is the name of the library in Nalanda?
The famous libraries in Nalanda were Ratnasagar, Ratnadadhi and Ratnaranjak. All these libraries were located in a complex called ‘Dharmaganj’.
Who destroyed Nalanda University book?
In 1193 the Nalanda University was destroyed by the Islamic Fanatic Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turk.
Which is older, Nalanda or Takshila?
Archeological records show that Nalanda was established in 427 CE and is still considered to be the first residential university. In addition to Buddhist philosophy, the university also taught grammar, medicine, logic, and mathematics. The University of Takshashila is even older.
Who burned Takshila?
Taxila was burned by the White Huns c600 AD and Nalanda by the Khaljis 1196. Babur, the first Mughal, arrived 1526.
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